Leeds Unit for Complex Intervention Development (LUCID)

We run Continuing Professional Development training courses on a range of areas related to complex intervention development and optimisation. Our upcoming training courses include:

Two-day process evaluation methods for applied health and postgraduate researchers 

Led by Nikki Rousseau, Susanne Coleman, Matthew Mulvey, and Suzanne Richards.  

Process evaluation methods seek to explain how health care interventions bring about changes in clinical outcomes, and are increasingly embedded within clinical trials. This two-day online course (spread across 2 weeks) provides expert training on how to conduct process evaluations in applied health research. 

• Dates: Thurs 19th and Wed 25th March 2026 

• Cost: Early bird £350 until 20th February, £400 after 

• For more information or to sign up, please email Lucid@leeds.ac.uk. 

Three-day Introducing the multiphase optimisation strategy (MOST) and optimisation trials 

Led by Professors Sam Smith and Rebecca Walwyn. 

Complex interventions are prepared, optimised and then evaluated under the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy. This three-day in person course (three consecutive days in January each year) provides an in-depth introduction to the preparation and optimisation phases of complex intervention development to help build more effective, affordable, scalable and efficient interventions.    

• Dates: Mon 26th to Wed 28th January 2026 in Leeds (Cloth Hall Court) 

• Cost: Early bird £425 (external) or £300 (internal) until 19th December, £525 after 

• For more information or to sign up, please email w.hobson@leeds.ac.uk. 

External seminars

We hold regular seminars related to complex intervention development and optimisation. To keep updated about our seminars, please join our mailing list by emailing LUCID@leeds.ac.uk.  

We aim to hold around three external seminars per year that anyone is welcome to attend. We are currently planning an external seminar for autumn 2025. 

Our previous external seminars have included: 

• Thursday 30th January 2025, 11am – 12pm: Professor Susan Wong, University of Washington.  ‘Unravelling the complexities of conservative kidney management to enhance care for patients with kidney failure who forgo dialysis’ 

• Wednesday 26th February 2025, 2pm – 3pm: Professor Maria Lonsdale, University of Leeds. ‘The power of information design in communicating healthcare information: Recover Together as a case study’ 

• Thursday 6th March 2025, 11am – 12pm: Dr Michelle Moniz, University of Michigan. ‘Pragmatic Challenges for Implementation At Scale: What Keeps Me Up At Night as the Director of a Perinatal Quality Collaborative’ 

Internal seminars 

We also hold additional internal seminars that are open to staff and postgraduates at the University of Leeds and Leeds-based health professionals. We are currently planning internal seminars for summer and autumn 2025.  

Our previous internal seminars have included: 

• Monday 28th April 2025, 1pm – 2pm, Dr Jess Johansson, University of Leeds. ‘The ADAPT study: Using an ‘ideal-type’ analysis to tailor an intervention focused on reducing sedentary behaviour after stroke’ 

• Wednesday 14th May 2025, 2pm – 3pm, Shahzadgai Khan, Fern Harvey, Stephen Morris, University of Leeds. ‘PGR Spotlight’. 

Core LUCID Team members

Suzanne Richards (Head of Unit) 

Anna Anderson 

Rebecca Beeken 

Hilary Bekker 

Susanne Coleman 

Michelle Collinson 

Mahua Das 

Amanda Farrin 

Robbie Foy 

Joseph Hicks 

Adam Martin 

Richard Mattock 

Matthew Mulvey 

Samuel Smith 

Nikki Rousseau 

Rebecca Walwyn 

Lucy Ziegler 

LUCID seminars and communications co-leads 

Anna Anderson 

Sadia Ahmed 

The design, development, optimisation and testing of complex interventions within health and social care settings to support health care professionals, prevent ill health and improve patient outcomes. We apply a range of theoretical frameworks and approaches to support evidence-based intervention development in our specialist areas.

Rebecca Beeken

Methodological expertise: qualitative research; randomised trial design (including feasibility & pilot designs), survey research, systematic reviews

Specialist interest areas: cancer prevention and control; health behaviours; obesity & weight management

Hilary Bekker

Methodological expertise: critical review methods; experimental and evaluation methods, qualitative methods, survey methods

Specialist interest areas: patient and professional decision support interventions for long-term conditions (kidney failure, multiple sclerosis), screening and testing procedures (cancer, genetic, prenatal)

Susanne Coleman

Methodological expertise: consensus methods, instrument development and evaluation methods, cognitive pre-testing methods (focus groups, think out loud interviews), complex intervention development and evaluation methods, participatory research, realist evaluation

Specialist interest areas: skin wound care, pressure ulcer prevention, healthcare interventions for older people, frailty

Rebecca King

Methodological expertise: participatory methods, qualitative methods

Specialist interest areas: antimicrobial resistance, community engagement, global health

Matthew Mulvey

Methodological expertise: feasibility & pilot trial design, intervention adaptation, patient reported outcome measures (PROMS), quantitative process evaluation, systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Specialist interest areas: advanced cancer and palliative care, quantitative symptoms assessment

Suzanne Richards

Methodological expertise: consensus methods, observational study design, qualitative methods, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot & definitive trials), survey methods (including psychometrics), systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Specialist interest areas: health and social care interventions for older people, primary care, rehabilitation, multi-morbidity and frailty

Nikki Rousseau

Methodological expertise: qualitative methods, mixed methods

Specialist interest areas: Surgery, diagnostics and devices

Sam Smith

Methodological expertise: survey research, co-design, systematic reviews, qualitative research, user-testing, randomised trial designs (including feasibility, pilot & optimisation trials), SWATs

Specialist interest areas: cancer prevention and control, health behaviours, medication adherence, weight management

Lucy Ziegler

Methodological expertise: patient reported outcome measure (PROM) development and validation, qualitative methods, systematic reviews

Specialist interest areas: advanced cancer and palliative care, advance care planning

The use of mixed-methods process evaluation to build robust interventions that can be implemented in real-word settings. This approach provides an understanding of context, mechanism, acceptability, feasibility and fidelity of the complex interventions and how these affect health outcomes. Process evaluations also inform the design of clinical trial methods to maximise participant engagement.

Susanne Coleman

Methodological expertise: consensus methods, instrument development and evaluation methods, cognitive pre-testing methods (focus groups, think out loud interviews), complex intervention development and evaluation methods, participatory research, realist evaluation

Specialist interest areas: skin wound care, pressure ulcer prevention, healthcare interventions for older people, frailty

Rebecca King

Methodological expertise: participatory methods, qualitative methods

Specialist interest areas: antimicrobial resistance, community engagement, global health

Suzanne Richards

Methodological expertise: consensus methods, observational study design, qualitative methods, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot & definitive trials), survey methods (including psychometrics), systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Specialist interest areas: health and social care interventions for older people, primary care, rehabilitation, multi-morbidity and frailty

Nikki Rousseau

Methodological expertise: qualitative methods, mixed methods

Specialist interest areas: Surgery, diagnostics and devices

The development and application of randomised trials in early phase intervention development and optimisation, later phase pragmatic evaluation, and of methods to implement effective interventions, including both complex and efficient designs (including primary, secondary and routinely collected data). Further information on our trials evaluating complex interventions can be found here. We also work closely with the Acadmic Unit of Health Economics. 

Rebecca Beeken

Methodological expertise: qualitative research; randomised trial design (including feasibility & pilot designs), survey research, systematic reviews

Specialist interest areas: cancer prevention and control; health behaviours; obesity & weight management

Amanda Farrin

Methodological expertise: medical statistics, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot & definitive trials), SWATs

Specialist interest areas: health and social care for older people, primary care, stroke management

Robbie Foy

Methodological expertise: cluster randomised trial design, interrupted time series design

Specialist interest areas: implementation science, primary care

Adam Martin

Methodological expertise: health economic evaluation; experimental and quasi-experimental evaluation methods; applied econometric methods; observational data analysis 

Specialist interest areas: public health, diet, physical activity, cancer, obesity, dementia 

Suzanne Richards

Methodological expertise: consensus methods, observational study design, qualitative methods, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot & definitive trials), survey methods (including psychometrics), systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Specialist interest areas: health and social care interventions for older people, primary care, rehabilitation, multi-morbidity and frailty

Sam Smith

Methodological expertise: survey research, co-design, systematic reviews, qualitative research, user-testing, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot & optimisation trials), SWATs

Specialist interest areas: cancer prevention and control, health behaviours, medication adherence, weight management

Rebecca Walwyn

Methodological expertise: medical statistics, randomised trial designs (feasibility, pilot, optimisation & definitive trials), using Design of Experiments applied to health and social care, SWATs, systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Specialist interest areas: mental health including dementia, implementation science

Current PhD candidates supervised by LUCID academics:

Aarthi Bhuvaraghan – Doctoral researcher (2020-26) with Rebecca King 

Katie Dixon – NIHR Manchester BRI scholarship (2023-27) with Hilary Bekker (Lead Corinne Faivre-Finn, University of Manchester) 

Adam Galloway – NIHR/HEE (ICA) Clinical Doctoral Fellowship (2021-25) with Suzanne Richards 

Adam Grice – NIHR Clinical Doctoral Fellowship (2023-2028) with Robbie Foy, Suzanne Richards and Rebecca Beeken 

Zainab Haider – ESRC WRDTP Advanced Quantitative Methods (1+3) (2021-26) with Sam Smith, Rebecca Beeken, and Rebecca Walwyn 

Fern Harvey – NIHR Yorkshire and Humber ARC Studentship (2023-26) with Robbie Foy, Amanda Farrin, and Suzanne Richards 

Ella Howes – MRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership doctoral studentship (2023-2026) with Amanda Farrin and Sam Smith 

Violet Kajogoo – University of Leeds Studentship (supported by NIHR Advanced Fellowship awarded to Prof Walwyn) (2025-28) with Rebecca Walwyn and Suzanne Richards 

Muhammad Ahmar Khan – Association for Social Development (2024-30) with Joe Hicks, Rebecca King and Robbie Foy 

Catherine Malia – St Gemma’s Hospice (2021-25) with Lucy Ziegler 

Anders Lerche Møller (Aarhus University) (2024-27) with Rebecca Beeken (Lead Signe Borgquist, Aarhus) 

Delia Muir - with Susanne Coleman (2022-26) 

Esther Panek-Noble – MRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership doctoral studentship (2024-2029) with Rebecca Walwyn 

Jessica Pearce – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2022-25) with Suzanne Richards 

Nick Richards – School of Medicice University of Leeds Clinical Fellowship (2021-25) with Hilary Bekker (Lead Mark Bellamy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust) 

Louise Savic – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2021-24) with Nikki Rousseau  

Nicola Shaw – NIHR/HEE (ICA) Clinical Doctoral Fellowship (2021-25) with Nikki Rousseau  

Leanne Shearsmith – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2024-27) with Rebecca Beeken 

Yidong Su – Chinese Council Scholarship (2024-27) with Anna Anderson (Lead Gretl McHugh, School of Healthcare) 

Anna Taylor – NIHR Patient Safety Research Collaboration (2024-27) with Robbie Foy, Suzanne Richards and Anna Anderson 

Janet Tonge – University of Leeds Scholarship (2018-26) with Hilary Bekker 

Sarah Cecile Tscherning – Department of Public health – Aarhus university, DK (2021-2026) with Hilary Bekker (Lead Lotte Rodkjaer, Aarhus University) 

Hannah Truscott – University of Leeds Studentship (supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research Fellowship awarded to Rebecca Beeken) (2023-28) with Rebecca Beeken 

Recently completed PhD candidates supervised by LUCID academics: 

Anas Almatrafi – Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau and Ministry of Education studentship (2020-24) with Rebecca Beeken 

Sadia Ahmed – MRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership doctoral studentship (2019-24) with Amanda Farrin and Suzanne Richards 

Amy Barradell (University of Leicester) – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2020-23) with Hilary Bekker (Lead S Singh, Leicester) 

Louise Englebrecht Buur (Aarhus University) – (2020-24) with Hilary Bekker 

Joanne Butterworth (University of Exeter) – NIHR doctoral fellowship (2019-23) with Suzanne Richards (Lead J Campbell, Exeter) 

Neil Corrigan – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2018-23) with Rebecca Walwyn 

Sophie Green – University of Leeds Studentship (supported by NIHR Advanced Fellowship awarded to Dr Smith) (2021-24) with Sam Smith and Nikki Rousseau 

William Goodman – ESRC WRDTP Advanced Quantitative Methods (2019-23) with Rebecca Beeken 

Kate Kenny – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2021-24) with Robbie Foy 

Arthur Lau – University of Leeds Scholarship (2017-22) with Hilary Bekker 

Kelly Lloyd – White Rose DTP ESRC and Yorkshire Cancer Research Doctoral Studentship (2019-23) with Sam Smith, Lucy Ziegler, and Robbie Foy 

Laura Marsden – University of Leeds and MRC (2019-22) with Rebecca Walwyn and Amanda Farrin 

Yousuf Mokhallalati - Yorkshire Cancer Research (2018-24) with Lucy Ziegler 

Sean White (University of Sheffield) – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2021-24) with Hilary Bekker (Leads A O’Caithain and C McDermott, Sheffield) 

Current capacity building fellowships (pre- and post-doctoral awards): 

Sarah Alderson – NIHR Advanced Fellowship (2025-2030) 

Sophie Green - NIHR Development and Skills Enhancement Award (2024-2026) 

Richard Wilkins – NIHR Pre-Application Fellowship (2024-2025) 

Samuel Smith – NIHR Advanced Fellowship (2020-2026) 

Rebecca Walwyn – NIHR Advanced Fellowship (2022-2028) 

Recently completed capacity building fellowships (pre- and post-doctoral awards): 

Susanne Coleman – NIHR Development and Skills Enhancement Fellow (2021-22) 

Colin Everett – NIHR Pre-Doctoral Fellowship (2020-22) with Rebecca Walwyn 

Adam Grice – NIHR In-Practice Fellowship (2019-21) with Suzanne Richards and Robbie Foy 

Kelly Lloyd- ESRC Post-doctoral Fellowship (2023-24) with Sam Smith and Rebecca Beeken 

Kate Smith – NIHR Pre-doctoral Clinical Academic Fellowship (2021-23) 

Richard Wilkins – NIHR Doctoral Fellowship (2016-21) with Rebecca Walwyn 

Key publications

Examples of previous research by LUCID researchers:

Anderson AM, Lavender E, Mason S, Eckersley L, Barry S, Daffu-O'Reilly A, Green H, Conner M, McHugh GA. Adapting an Osteoarthritis Peer Mentorship Intervention for Remote Delivery to People Experiencing Socioeconomic Disadvantage: A Multi-Method Approach. Health Expect. 2025;28(2):e70245. 

Anderson AM, Martin RA, DeCormier Plosky W, Ned L, Swenor BK, Bailie J, Mathias K, Maggo JK, Omino MA, Russell AM, Lawson AMM, Brown AE, Bierer BE, Shariq S, Mwifadhi M, Deane KHO, Philip S, Shepherd V, Walsh NE, McHugh GA. A global call to action for disability inclusion in health research. Nat Med. 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03587-w.  

Anderson AM, Richards S, Flurey C, Siddle HJ. Identifying people at risk of rheumatoid arthritis in primary care: qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2025:BJGP.2024.0590.  

Kennedy F, Smith S, Beeken RJ, Buck C, Williams S, Martin C, Lally P, Fisher A. An App-Based Intervention With Behavioral Support to Promote Brisk Walking in People Diagnosed With Breast, Prostate, or Colorectal Cancer (APPROACH): Process Evaluation Study. JMIR Cancer. 2025;11:e64747.  

Bryant M, Burton W, Collinson M, Martin A, Copsey B, Groves-Williams D, Foster A, Willis TA, Garnett P, O'Cathain A. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a sustainable obesity prevention programme for preschool children delivered at scale ‘HENRY’ (Health, Exercise, Nutrition for the Really Young): protocol for the HENRY III cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2024;14(3):e081861. 

Graham CD, Ellison R, Hall LH, Clark J, McNaught E, Green SMC, Wilkes H, Robson G, Lorentz I, Holmes L, Bould N, Hartley S, Naik J, Buckley S, Hirst C, Hartup S, Foy R, Neal RD, Velikova G, Farrin A, Collinson M, Smith SG. A pilot randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for medication decision-making and quality of life in women with breast cancer: The ACTION trial. Psychooncology. 2024;33(5):e6349.  

Green SMC, Rousseau N, Hall LH, French DP, Graham CD, Lloyd KE, Collinson M, Ow PL, Taylor C, Howdon D, Foy R, Walwyn R, Clark J, Parbutt C, Waller J, Buxton J, Moore SJL, Velikova G, Farrin A, Smith SG. (in press) Acceptability of four intervention components supporting medication adherence in women with breast cancer: A process evaluation of a fractional factorial pilot optimization trial. Prevention Science. 

Green SMC, Smith SG, Collins LM, Strayhorn JC. Decision-making in the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST): Applying decision analysis for intervention value efficiency (DAIVE) to optimize an information leaflet to promote key antecedents of medication adherence. Transl Behav Med. 2024:ibae029. 

Jones G, Bailey L, Beeken RJ, Brady S, Cooper C, Copeland RJ, Crosland S, Dawson S, Faires M, Gilbody S, Haynes H, Hill A, Hillison E, Horspool M, Lee E, Li J, Machaczek KK, Parrott S, Quirk H, Stubbs B, Tew GA, Traviss-Turner G, Turton E, Walker L, Walters S, Weich S, Wildbore E, Peckham E. Supporting physical activity through co-production in people with severe mental ill health (SPACES): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024;10(1):32.  

Lally P, Kennedy F, Smith S, Beeken R, Buck C, Thomas C, Counsell N, Wyld L, Martin C, Williams S, Roberts A, Greenfield D, Gath J, Potts HWW, Latimer N, Smith L, Fisher A. The feasibility and acceptability of an app-based intervention with brief behavioural support (APPROACH) to promote brisk walking in people diagnosed with breast, prostate and colorectal cancer in the UK. Cancer Med. 2024;13(6):e7124. 

McClelland J, Gallagher D, Moore SE, McGirr C, Beeken RJ, Croker H, Eastwood KA, O'Neill RF, Woodside JV, McGowan L, McKinley MC. Development of a habit-based intervention to support healthy eating and physical activity behaviours for pregnant women with overweight or obesity: Healthy Habits in Pregnancy and Beyond (HHIPBe). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):760. 

Murray RL, Alexandris P, Baldwin D, Brain K, Britton J, Crosbie PAJ, Gabe R, Lewis S, Parrott S, Quaife SL, Tam HZ, Wu Q, Beeken R, Copeland H, Eckert C, Hancock N, Lindop J, McCutchan G, Marshall C, Neal RD, Rogerson S, Quinn Scoggins HD, Simmonds I, Thorley R, Callister ME. Uptake and 4-week quit rates from an opt-out co-located smoking cessation service delivered alongside community-based low-dose computed tomography screening within the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial. Eur Respir J. 2024;63(4):2301768. 

Surr C, Marsden L, Griffiths A, Cox S, Fossey J, Martin A, Prevost AT, Walshe C, Walwyn R. Researchers’ experiences of the design and conduct challenges associated with parallel-group cluster-randomised trials and views on a novel open-cohort design. PLoS One. 2024;19(2):e0297184. 

Wei X, Hicks JP, Zhang Z, Haldane V, Pasang P, Li L, Yin T, Zhang B, Li Y, Pan Q, Liu X, Walley J, Hu J. Effectiveness of a comprehensive package based on electronic medication monitors at improving treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in Tibet: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10430):913-923. 

Alderson S, Ivers NM, Foy R. The opioid prescribing problem: an opportunity to embed rigorous evaluation within initiatives to improve population healthcare. BMJ Qual Saf. 2023;32(11):617-619. 

Brown JE, Royle KL, Gregory W, Ralph C, Maraveyas A, Din O, Eisen T, Nathan P, Powles T, Griffiths R, Jones R, Vasudev N, Wheater M, Hamid A, Waddell T, McMenemin R, Patel P, Larkin J, Faust G, Martin A, et al. Temporary treatment cessation versus continuation of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (STAR): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(3):213-27. 

Foy R, Ivers NM, Grimshaw JM, Wilson PM. What is the role of randomised trials in implementation science? Trials. 2023;24(1):537. 

Green SMC, French DP, Hall LH, Bartlett YK, Rousseau N, Raine E, Parbutt C, Gardner B; ROSETA Investigators; Smith SG. Co-development of a Text Messaging Intervention to Support Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Women With Breast Cancer: Mixed Methods Approach. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e38073. 

Green SMC, Hall LH, French DP, Rousseau N, Parbutt N, Walwyn R, Smith SG. Optimization of an information leaflet to support medication beliefs in women with breast cancer: a randomized factorial experiment. Ann Behav Med. 2023;57(11):988-1000. 

Green SMC, Hall LH, Rousseau N, French DP, Graham CD, Collinson M, Mason E, Wilkes H, McNaught E, Howdon D, Foy R, Waller J, Walwyn R, Clark J, Parbutt C, Raine E, Ellison R, Buxton J, Hartley S, Moore SJL, Velikova G, Farrin A, Smith SG. Acceptability, fidelity and trial experience of four intervention components to support medication adherence in women with breast cancer: A process evaluation protocol for a pilot fractional factorial trial [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. NIHR Open Res. 2023;3:3.  

Munro J, Goodman W, Oliphant R, Russell S, Taylor C, Beeken RJ, Hubbard G. Hernia Active Living Trial (HALT): a feasibility study of a physical activity intervention for people with a bowel stoma who have a parastomal hernia/bulge. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2023;9(1):111.  

Peckham E, Tew G, Lorimer B, Bailey L, Beeken R, Cooper C, Gascoyne S, Gilbody S, Jones G, Machaczek K, Pickering K, Traviss-Turner G, Stubbs B.  Interventions to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in severe mental ill health: How effective are they?’- A systematic review. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2023;25:100547-100547 

Pini S, Goodman W, Raby E, McGinley C, Perez-Cornago A, Johnson F, Beeken RJ. Development and initial qualitative evaluation of a novel school-based nutrition intervention - COOKKIT (Cooking Kit for Kids). BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1742. 

Smith SG, Green SMC, Ellison R, Foy R, Graham CD, Mason E, French DP, Hall LH, Wilkes H, McNaught E, Raine E, Walwyn R, Howdon D, Clark J, Rousseau N, Buxton J, Moore SJL, Parbutt C, Velikova G, Farrin A, Collinson M. Refining and optimising a behavioural intervention to support endocrine therapy adherence (ROSETA) in UK women with breast cancer: protocol for a pilot fractional factorial trial. BMJ Open. 2023;13(2):e069971. 

Tew GA, Bailey L, Beeken RJ, Cooper C, Copeland R, Brady S, Heron P, Hill A, Lee E, Spanakis P, Stubbs B, Traviss-Turner G, Walker L, Walters S, Gilbody S, Peckham E. Physical Activity in Adults with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Large Cross-Sectional Survey Exploring Patterns, Preferences, Barriers, and Motivating Factors. 2023;20(3):2548.  

Ahmed S, Airlie J, Clegg A, Copsey B, Cundill B, Forster A, Heaven A, Johansson JF, Kime N, Moreau L, Ozer S, Parker C, Richards SH, Thompson E, Farrin AJ. A new opportunity for enhancing trial efficiency: Can we investigate intervention implementation processes within trials using SWAT (study within a trial) methodology? Research Methods in Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;3(3):66-73. 

Glidewell L, Hunter C, Ward V, McEachan RRC, Lawton R, Willis TA, Hartley S, Collinson M, Holland M, Farrin AJ, Foy R. Explaining variable effects of an adaptable implementation package to promote evidence-based practice in primary care: a longitudinal process evaluation. Implement Sci. 2022;17(1):9. 

Green SMC, French DP, Graham CD, Hall LH, Rousseau N, Foy R, Clark J, Parbutt C, Raine E, Gardner B, Velikova G, Moore SJL, Buxton J; ROSETA investigators; Smith SG. Supporting adjuvant endocrine therapy adherence in women with breast cancer: the development of a complex behavioural intervention using Intervention Mapping guided by the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):1081. 

Higham R, Pini S, Quyn A, Kowal M, Helliwell J, Saman R, Lewthwaite P, Young N, Rousseau N. Rapid qualitative analysis in a mixed-methods evaluation of an infection prevention intervention in a UK hospital setting during the COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion of the CLEAN study methodology. Front Sociol. 2022;7:958250. 

Hunot-Alexander C, Croker H, Fildes A, Johnson F, Beeken RJ. Brief ‘Appetitive Trait Tailored Intervention’: Development in a Sample of Adults with Overweight and Obesity. Behaviour Change. 2022;39(2):106-22. 

Lally P, Beeken RJ, Wilson R, Omar R, Hunter R, Fovargue S, Anderson D, King M, Hassiotis A, Croker H. A manualised weight management programme for adults with mild-moderate intellectual disabilities affected by excess weight: A randomised controlled feasibility trial (Shape Up-LD). J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2022;35(1):112-22. 

Shepherd V, Wood F, Gillies K, O'Connell A, Martin A, Hood K. Recruitment interventions for trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent: methodological and ethical considerations for designing Studies Within a Trial (SWATs). Trials. 2022;23(1):756. 

Siddle HJ, Chapman LS, Mankia K, Zăbălan C, Kouloumas M, Raza K, Falahee M, Kerry J, Kerschbaumer A, Aletaha D, Emery P, Richards SH. Perceptions and experiences of individuals at-risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) knowing about their risk of developing RA and being offered preventive treatment: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(2):159-68. 

Stanworth SJ, Walwyn R, Grant-Casey J, Hartley S, Moreau L, Lorencatto F, Francis J, Gould N, Swart N, Rowley M, Morris S, Grimshaw J, Farrin A, Foy R. Effectiveness of Enhanced Performance Feedback on Appropriate Use of Blood Transfusions: A Comparison of 2 Cluster Randomized Trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e220364. 

Wright-Hughes A, Willis TA, Wilson S, Weller A, Lorencatto F, Althaf M, Seymour V, Farrin AJ, Francis J, Brehaut J, Ivers N, Alderson SL, Brown BC, Feltbower RG, Gale CP, Stanworth SJ, Hartley S, Colquhoun H, Presseau J, Walwyn R, Foy R. A randomised fractional factorial screening experiment to predict effective features of audit and feedback. Implement Sci. 2022;17(1):34. 

Alderson SL, Farragher TM, Willis TA, Carder P, Johnson S, Foy R. The effects of an evidence- and theory-informed feedback intervention on opioid prescribing for non-cancer pain in primary care: A controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLoS Med. 2021;18(10):e1003796. 

Bonner RJ, Wallace T, Jones AD, Julian Scott D, Richards SH. The Content of Pre-habilitative Interventions for Patients Undergoing Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Their Effect on Post-Operative Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(5):756-65. 

Bryant M, Burton W, Collinson M, Farrin A, Nixon J, Stevens J, Roberts K, Foy R, Rutter H, Copsey B, Hartley S, Tubeuf S, Brown J. A cluster RCT and process evaluation of an implementation optimisation intervention to promote parental engagement enrolment and attendance in a childhood obesity prevention programme: results of the Optimising Family Engagement in HENRY (OFTEN) trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):773. 

Gardner B, Richards R, Lally P, Rebar A, Thwaite T, Beeken RJ. Breaking habits or breaking habitual behaviours? Old habits as a neglected factor in weight loss maintenance. Appetite. 2021;162:105183. 

Soni A, Beeken RJ, McGowan L, Lawson V, Chadwick P, Croker H. 'Shape-Up', a Modified Cognitive-Behavioural Community Programme for Weight Management: Real-World Evaluation as an Approach for Delivering Public Health Goals. Nutrients. 2021;13(8). 

Surr CA, Holloway I, Walwyn REA, Griffiths AW, Meads D, Martin A, Kelley R, Ballard C, Fossey J, Burnley N, Chenoweth L, Creese B, Downs M, Garrod L, Graham EH, Lilley-Kelly A, McDermid J, McLellan V, Millard H, Perfect D, Robinson L, Robinson O, Shoesmith E, Siddiqi N, Stokes G, Wallace D, Farrin AJ. Effectiveness of Dementia Care Mapping™ to reduce agitation in care home residents with dementia: an open-cohort cluster randomised controlled trial. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(8):1410-23. 

Wood S, Foy R, Willis TA, Carder P, Johnson S, Alderson S. General practice responses to opioid prescribing feedback: a qualitative process evaluation. Br J Gen Pract. 2021;71(711):e788-e96. 

Butterworth J, Richards S, Warren F, Pitchforth E, Campbell J. Randomised feasibility trial and embedded qualitative process evaluation of a new intervention to facilitate the involvement of older patients with multimorbidity in decision-making about their healthcare during general practice consultations: the VOLITION study protocol. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020;6:161. 

Butterworth JE, Hays R, McDonagh STJ, Bower P, Pitchforth E, Richards SH, Campbell JL. Involving older people with multimorbidity in decision-making about their primary healthcare: A Cochrane systematic review of interventions (abridged). Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2078-94. 

Galloway AM, van-Hille T, Perry DC, Holton C, Mason L, Richards S, Siddle HJ, Comer C. A systematic review of the non-surgical treatment of Perthes' disease. Bone Jt Open. 2020;1(12):720-30. 

Hubbard G, Taylor C, Watson AJM, Munro J, Goodman W, Beeken RJ. A physical activity intervention to improve the quality of life of patients with a stoma: a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020;6:12. 

Koutoukidis DA, Land J, Hackshaw A, Heinrich M, McCourt O, Beeken RJ, Philpott S, DeSilva D, Rismani A, Rabin N, Popat R, Kyriakou C, Papanikolaou X, Mehta A, Paton B, Fisher A, Yong KL. Fatigue, quality of life and physical fitness following an exercise intervention in multiple myeloma survivors (MASCOT): an exploratory randomised Phase 2 trial utilising a modified Zelen design. Br J Cancer. 2020;123(2):187-95. 

Land J, McCourt O, Heinrich M, Beeken RJ, Koutoukidis DA, Paton B, Yong K, Hackshaw A, Fisher A. The adapted Zelen was a feasible design to trial exercise in myeloma survivors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;125:76-83. 

Meads DM, Martin A, Griffiths A, Kelley R, Creese B, Robinson L, McDermid J, Walwyn R, Ballard C, Surr CA. Cost-Effectiveness of Dementia Care Mapping in Care-Home Settings: Evaluation of a Randomised Controlled Trial. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2020;18(2):237-47. 

Quaife SL, Ruparel M, Dickson JL, Beeken RJ, McEwen A, Baldwin DR, Bhowmik A, Navani N, Sennett K, Duffy SW, Wardle J, Waller J, Janes SM. Lung Screen Uptake Trial (LSUT): Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Testing Targeted Invitation Materials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(8):965-75. 

Ski CF, Taylor RS, McGuigan K, Lambert JD, Richards SH, Thompson DR. Psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure or atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020(7):CD013508. 

Butterworth JE, Hays R, McDonagh ST, Richards SH, Bower P, Campbell J. Interventions for involving older patients with multi-morbidity in decision-making during primary care consultations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(10):CD013124. 

Caperon L, Arjyal A, K CP, Kuikel J, Newell J, Peters R, Prestwich A, King R. Developing a socio-ecological model of dietary behaviour for people living with diabetes or high blood glucose levels in urban Nepal: A qualitative investigation. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214142. 

Kliemann N, Croker H, Johnson F, Beeken RJ. Development of the Top Tips Habit-Based Weight Loss App and Preliminary Indications of Its Usage, Effectiveness, and Acceptability: Mixed-Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(5):e12326. 

O'Cathain A, Croot L, Duncan E, Rousseau N, Sworn K, Turner KM, Yardley L, Hoddinott P. Guidance on how to develop complex interventions to improve health and healthcare. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e029954. 

O'Cathain A, Croot L, Sworn K, Duncan E, Rousseau N, Turner K, Yardley L, Hoddinott P. Taxonomy of approaches to developing interventions to improve health: a systematic methods overview. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2019;5:41. 

Rousseau N, Turner KM, Duncan E, O'Cathain A, Croot L, Yardley L, Hoddinott P. Attending to design when developing complex health interventions: A qualitative interview study with intervention developers and associated stakeholders. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223615. 

Turner KM, Rousseau N, Croot L, Duncan E, Yardley L, O'Cathain A, Hoddinott P. Understanding successful development of complex health and healthcare interventions and its drivers from the perspective of developers and wider stakeholders: an international qualitative interview study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e028756. 

Koutoukidis DA, Lopes S, Atkins L, Croker H, Knobf MT, Lanceley A, Beeken RJ. Use of intervention mapping to adapt a health behavior change intervention for endometrial cancer survivors: the shape-up following cancer treatment program. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):415. 

Mahmoodi N, Bekker HL, King NV, Hughes J, Jones GL. Are publicly available internet resources enabling women to make informed fertility preservation decisions before starting cancer treatment: an environmental scan? BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2018;18(1):104. 

Richards SH, Dickens C, Anderson R, Richards DA, Taylor RS, Ukoumunne OC, Turner KM, Gandhi M, Kuyken W, Gibson A, Davey A, Warren F, Winder R, Campbell J. Assessing the effectiveness of Enhanced Psychological Care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE): a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):211. 

Sepucha KR, Abhyankar P, Hoffman AS, Bekker HL, LeBlanc A, Levin CA, Ropka M, Shaffer VA, Sheridan SL, Stacey D, Stalmeier P, Vo H, Wills CE, Thomson R. Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluation studies: the development of SUNDAE Checklist. BMJ Qual Saf. 2018;27(5):380-8. 

Bennett MI, Mulvey MR, Campling N, Latter S, Richardson A, Bekker H, Blenkinsopp A, Carder P, Closs J, Farrin A, Flemming K, Gallagher J, Meads D, Morley S, O'Dwyer J, Wright-Hughes A, Hartley S. Self-management toolkit and delivery strategy for end-of-life pain: the mixed-methods feasibility study. Health Technol Assess. 2017;21(76):1-292. 

Freeman M, Offman J, Walter FM, Sasieni P, Smith SG. Acceptability of the Cytosponge procedure for detecting Barrett's oesophagus: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e013901. 

Khanal S, Elsey H, King R, Baral SC, Bhatta BR, Newell JN. Development of a Patient-Centred, Psychosocial Support Intervention for Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Care in Nepal. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0167559. 

Kliemann N, Vickerstaff V, Croker H, Johnson F, Nazareth I, Beeken RJ. The role of self-regulatory skills and automaticity on the effectiveness of a brief weight loss habit-based intervention: secondary analysis of the 10 top tips randomised trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):119. 

Turner KM, Winder R, Campbell JL, Richards DA, Gandhi M, Dickens CM, Richards S. Patients' and nurses' views on providing psychological support within cardiac rehabilitation programmes: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e017510. 

Coleman S, Nixon J, Keen J, Muir D, Wilson L, McGinnis E, Stubbs N, Dealey C, Nelson EA. Using cognitive pre-testing methods in the development of a new evidenced-based pressure ulcer risk assessment instrument. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(1):158. 

Lorencatto F, Gould NJ, McIntyre SA, During C, Bird J, Walwyn R, Cicero R, Glidewell L, Hartley S, Stanworth SJ, Foy R, Grimshaw JM, Michie S, Francis JJ. A multidimensional approach to assessing intervention fidelity in a process evaluation of audit and feedback interventions to reduce unnecessary blood transfusions: a study protocol. Implement Sci. 2016;11(1):163. 

McEachan RRC, Santorelli G, Bryant M, Sahota P, Farrar D, Small N, Akhtar S, Sargent J, Barber SE, Taylor N, Richardson G, Farrin AJ, Bhopal RS, Bingham DD, Ahern SM, Wright J. The HAPPY (Healthy and Active Parenting Programmme for early Years) feasibility randomised control trial: acceptability and feasibility of an intervention to reduce infant obesity. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:211. 

Winterbottom AE, Gavaruzzi T, Mooney A, Wilkie M, Davies SJ, Crane D, Tupling K, Baxter PD, Meads DM, Mathers N, Bekker HL. Patient Acceptability of the Yorkshire Dialysis Decision Aid (YoDDA) Booklet: A Prospective Non-Randomized Comparison Study Across 6 Predialysis Services. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36(4):374-81. 

Wright J, Fairley L, McEachan R, Bryant M, Petherick E, Sahota P, Santorelli G, Barber S, Lawlor DA, Taylor N, Bhopal R, Cameron N, West J, Hill A, Summerbell C, Farrin A, Ball H, Brown T, Farrar D, Small N. Programme Grants for Applied Research.  Development and evaluation of an intervention for the prevention of childhood obesity in a multiethnic population: the Born in Bradford applied research programme. 2016. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library 

Backman R, Foy R, Michael BD, Defres S, Kneen R, Solomon T. The development of an intervention to promote adherence to national guidelines for suspected viral encephalitis. Implement Sci. 2015;10:37. 

Smith SG, Raine R, Obichere A, Wolf MS, Wardle J, von Wagner C. The effect of a supplementary ('Gist-based') information leaflet on colorectal cancer knowledge and screening intention: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2015;38(2):261-72. 

Coleman S, Nixon J, Keen J, Wilson L, McGinnis E, Dealey C, Stubbs N, Farrin A, Dowding D, Schols JM, Cuddigan J, Berlowitz D, Jude E, Vowden P, Schoonhoven L, Bader DL, Gefen A, Oomens CW, Nelson EA. A new pressure ulcer conceptual framework. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(10):2222-34. 

Coleman S, Gorecki C, Nelson EA, Closs SJ, Defloor T, Halfens R, Farrin A, Brown J, Schoonhoven L, Nixon J. Patient risk factors for pressure ulcer development: systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(7):974-1003. 

Grant A, Treweek S, Dreischulte T, Foy R, Guthrie B. Process evaluations for cluster-randomised trials of complex interventions: a proposed framework for design and reporting. Trials. 2013;14:15. 

Smith SG, Wolf MS, Obichere A, Raine R, Wardle J, von Wagner C. The development and testing of a brief ('gist-based') supplementary colorectal cancer screening information leaflet. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;93(3):619-25.